加尔文福音书注释

LUKE 22:24-27 Luke 22:24-27 Mark 10:41-45 Matthew 20:24-27 24. And there arose also a dispute among them, which of41. And when the ten heard it, they began to be displeased24. And when the ten heard it, 659 they were displeased with them appeared to be greatest. with James and John. 42. And the two brethren. 25. And Jesus 25. And he said to them, The Jesus, when he had called them called them to him, and said, kings of the Gentiles rule over to him, saith to them, You know You know that the princes of the them; and they that have power that they who appear to rule over Gentiles rule over them, and 658 “Ce n’est pas a moy a le dormer ;” — “it does not belong to me to give it.” 659 “Les dix autres ayans ouy cela ;” — “ the other ten having heard that .” 262John Calvin Commentary on Matthew, Mark, Luke - Volume 2 they who are great exercise authority over them. 26. It shallover them are called benefactors. 26. But you are not so: but hethe Gentiles exercise dominion over them; and they who are not be so among you: but that is greatest among you, let princes among them exercise whoever wishes to be great him become as the younger; and power over them. 43. But it shall among you, let him be your he that is ruler, as he that serves. not be so among you; but minister; 27. And he that wishes 27. For which is greater, he that whoever wishes to become great to be chief among you, let him sitteth at table, or her that among you, shall be your be your servant: 28. Even as the serveth? Is it not he that sitteth minister;. And whoever wishes Son of man came not that he at table? But I am in the midst of you as he that serveth.to be chief among you, shall be your servant. 45. For even the might be served, but that he   Son of man came not that he might serve, and that he might give his life a ransom for many. might be served, but that he   might serve, and that he might give his life a ransom for many.     Matthew 20:24 .And when the ten heard it.660 Luke appears to refer this dispute to a different time. But any one who shall carefully examine that twenty-second chapter will plainly see that discourses delivered at different times are there brought together, without any regard to order. The dispute about the primacy, therefore which Luke mentions, flowed from this source, that the sons of Zebedee aspired to the first places in the kingdom of Christ. And yet the displeasure of the rest was far from being well-founded; for, while the foolish ambition of the two disciples was so severely blamed, that they retired from Christ with disgrace, what injury was it to the other ten, that those disciples foolishly wished what they did not obtain? 661 For though they had a good right to be offended at the ambition of those disciples, yet when it was put down they ought to have been satisfied. But our Lord intended to seize on this occasion for laying open a disease which was lurking within them; for there was not one of them who would willingly yield to others, but every one secretly cherished within himself the expectation of the primacy; in consequence of which, they envy and dispute with one another, and yet in all there reigns wicked ambition. And if this fault was found to be natural to uneducated men of ordinary rank, and if it broke out on a slight occasion, and almost without any occasion at all, how much more ought we to be on our guard, when there is abundance of fuel to feed a concealed flame? We see then how ambition springs up in any man who has great power and honors, and sends out its flames far and wide, unless the spirit of modesty, coming from heaven, extinguish the pride which has a firm hold of the nature of man. 25.You know that the princes of the Gentiles rule over them. It is first said that Christ called them to him, that he might reprove them in private; and next we learn from it that, being ashamed of their ambition, they did not openly complain, but that a sort of hollow murmur arose, and every one secretly preferred himself to the rest. He does not explain generally how deadly a plague 660 “Les dix autres ayans ouy cela ;” — “ the other ten having heard that .” 661 “Avoyent follement desire une chose qu’ils n’ont peu obtenir ;” — “had foolishly desired a thing which they could not obtain.” 263John Calvin Commentary on Matthew, Mark, Luke - Volume 2 ambition is, but simply warns them, that nothing is more foolish than to fight about nothing. 662 He shows that the primacy, which was the occasion of dispute among them, has no existence in his kingdom. Those persons, therefore, who extend this saying indiscriminately to all the godly are mistaken; for Christ only takes occasion from the present occurrence to show that it is absurd in the apostles to dispute about the degree of power and honor in their own rank, because the office of teaching, to which they were appointed, has no resemblance to the governments of the world. I do acknowledge that this doctrine applies both to private persons and to kings and magistrates; for no man deserves to be reckoned one of Christ’s flock, unless he has made such proficiency under the teacher of humility, as to claim nothing for himself, but condescend to cultivate brotherly love. This is, no doubt, true; but the design of Christ was, as I have said, to distinguish between the spiritual government of his Church and the empires of the world, that the apostles might not look for the favors of a court; for in proportion as any of the nobles is loved by kings, he rises to wealth and distinction. But Christ appoints pastors of his Church, not to rule, but to serve This reflects the error of the Anabaptists, who exclude kings and magistrates from the Church of God, because Christ declares 663 that they are not like his disciples; though the comparison is here made not between Christians and ungodly men, but between the nature of their offices. Besides, Christ did not look so much at the persons of men as at the condition of his Church. For it was possible that one who was governor of a village or of a city might, in a case of urgent necessity, discharge also the office of teaching; but Christ satisfied himself with explaining what belongs to the apostolic office and what is at variance with it. But a question arises, Why does Christ, who appointed separate orders in his Church, disown in this passage all degrees? For he appears to throw them all down, or, at least, to place them on a level, so that not one rises above the rest. But natural reason prescribes a very different method; and Paul, when describing the government of the Church, ( Ephesians 4:11 ,) enumerates the various departments of the ministry, in such a manner as to make the rank of apostleship higher than the office of pastors. Timothy and Titus also, are unquestionably enjoined by him to exercise authoritative superintendence over others, according to the command of God. I reply, if we carefully examine the whole, it will be found that even kings do not rule justly or lawfully, unless they serve; but that the apostolic office differs from earthly government in this respect, that the manner in which kings and magistrates serve does not prevent them from governing, or indeed from rising above their subjects in magnificent pomp and splendor. Thus David, Hezekiah, and others of the same class, while they were the willing servants of all, used a scepter, a crown, a throne, and other emblems of royalty. But the government of the Church admits nothing of this sort; for Christ allowed the pastors nothing more than to be ministers, and to abstain entirely from the exercise of authority. Here, to it ought to be observed, that the discourse relates to the thing itself rather than to the disposition. Christ distinguishes between the apostles and the rank of kings, not because kings have a right to act haughtily, but because the station of royalty is different from the apostolic office. While, therefore, both ought to be humble, it is the duty of the apostles always to consider what form of government the Lord has appointed for his Church. 662 “Qu’il n’y a point de folie plus grande, que de debattre d’une chose qui n’est point ;” — “that there is no greater folly than to debate about a thing which does not exist.” 663 “Sous couleur de ce que Christ dit ;” — “under the pretense of what Christ says.” 264John Calvin Commentary on Matthew, Mark, Luke - Volume 2 As to the words which Matthew employs, the princes of the Gentiles rule over them, Luke conveys the same import by saying, they are called benefactors; which means, that kings possess great wealth and abundance, in order that they may be generous and bountiful. For though kings have greater delight in their power, and a stronger desire that it should be formidable, than that it should be founded in the consent of the people, still they desire the praise of munificence.664 Hence, too, they take the name in the Hebrew language,       , (nedibim ) They are so called from bestowing gifts;665for taxes and tributes are paid to them for no other purpose than to furnish the expense necessary to the magnificence of their rank. 26.It shall not be so among you. There can be no doubt that Christ refers to the foolish imagination by which he saw that the apostles were deceived. “It is foolish and improper in you,” he says, “to imagine a kingdom, which is unsuitable to me; and therefore, if you desire to serve me faithfully, you must resort to a different method, which is, that each of you may strive to serve others.” 666But whoever wishes to be great among you, let him be your servant. These words are employed in an unusual sense; for ambition does not allow a man to be devoted , or, rather, to be subject to his brethren. Abject flattery, I do acknowledge, is practiced by those who aspire to honors, but nothing is farther from their intention than to serve But Christ’s meaning is not difficult to be perceived. As every man is carried away by a love of himself, he declares that this passion ought to be directed to a different object. Let the only greatness, eminence, and rank, which you desire, be, to submit to your brethren; and let this be your primacy, to be the servants of all. 28.As the Son of man Christ confirms the preceding doctrine by his own example; for he voluntarily took upon himself the form of a servant , and emptied himself , as Paul also informs us, (Philippians 2:7 .) To prove more clearly how far he was from indulging in lofty views, he reminds them of his death. “Because I have chosen you to the honor of being near me, you are seized by a wicked ambition to reign. But I — by whose example you ought to regulate your life — came not to exalt myself, or to claim any royal dignity. On the contrary, I took upon me, along with the mean and despised form of the flesh, the ignominy of the cross. If it be objected, that Christ was: exalted by the Father, in order that every knee might bow to him, (Philippians 2:9,10 ,) it is easy to reply, that what he now says refers to the period of his humiliation. Accordingly, Luke adds, that he lived among them, as if he were a servant: not that in appearance, or in name, or in reality, he was inferior to them, (for he always wished to be acknowledged as their Master and Lord,) but because from the heavenly glory he descended to such meekness, that he submitted to bear their infirmities. Besides, it ought to be remembered that a comparison is here made between the greater and the less, as in that passage, If I, who am your Master and Lord, have washed your feet, much more ought you to perform this service to one another, (John 13:14 .) And to give his life a ransom for many. Christ mentioned his death, as we have said, in order to withdraw his disciples from the foolish imagination of an earthly kingdom. But it is a just and 664 “Toutesfois ils appetent d’avoir la louange d’estre magnifiques et liberaux ;” — “yet they desire to have the praise of being sumptuous and liberal.” 665      (nadib ,)alvrince ,which is derived from    (nadab ,) to be bountiful, is the very word to which allusion is supposed to be made in the passage, ( Luke 22:25 ,) where it is said that the name princes (      , nedibim ) signifies benefactors . — Ed 666 “De se rendre serviteur a ses compagnons ;” — “to become a servant to his companions.” 265John Calvin Commentary on Matthew, Mark, Luke - Volume 2 appropriate statement of its power and results, when he declares that his life is the price of our redemption; whence it follows, that we obtain an undeserved reconciliation with God, the price of which is to be found nowhere else than in the death of Christ. Wherefore, this single word overturns all the idle talk of the Papists about their abominable satisfactions Again, while Christ has purchased us by his death to be his property, this submission, of which he speaks, is so far from diminishing his boundless glory, that it greatly increases its splendor. The word many (πολλῶν ) is not put definitely for a fixed number, but for a large number; for he contrasts himself with all others.667 And in this sense it is used in Romans 5:15 , where Paul does not speak of any part of men, but embraces the whole human race.